This page intentionally left blank         VALUE AND VIRTUE IN A GODLESS UNIVERSE  Suppose there is no God. Would the implication be that human life is mean-  ingless, that the notions of right and wrong, virtue and vice, good and evil  have no place, and that there are no moral obligations –hence people can  do whatever they want? Erik J. Wielenberg believes this view to be utterly  mistaken and in this book he explains why. He argues that even if God does  not exist, human life can have meaning, we do have moral obligations, and  virtue is possible. Naturally, the author sees virtue in a Godless universe as  signi?cantly different from virtue in a Christian universe, and he develops  naturalistic accounts of humility, charity, and hope. The moral landscape  in a Godless universe is different from the moral landscape in a Christian  universe, but it does indeed exist. Value and Virtue in a Godless Universe is a  tour of some of the central landmarks of this underexplored territory.  Erik J. Wielenberg is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at DePauw Univer-  sity. He has written articles in such journals as Religious Studies, Faith and  Philosophy, Paci?c Philosophical Quarterly, Synthese, and Oxford Studies in Ancient  Philosophy.  VALUE AND VIRTUE IN A          GODLESS UNIVERSE               ERIK J. WIELENBERG                            DePauw University  cambridge   university   press  Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S?o Paulo  Cambridge   University   Press  The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK  Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York  www.orx01n62.com  Information on this title: www.orx01n62.com/9780521845656  ? Cambridge University Press 2005  This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of  relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place  without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.  First published in print format 2005  isbn-13    978-0-511-10960-7    eBook (EBL)  isbn-10    0-511-10960-1   eBook (EBL)  isbn-13    978-0-521-84565-6    hardback  isbn-10    0-521-84565-3   hardback  isbn-13    978-0-521-60784-1    paperback  isbn-10    0-521-60784-1   paperback  Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of  urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not  guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.  The Scripture quotations contained herein are from the New Revised Standard Version  Bible, copyright ? 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National  Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by  permission. All rights reserved.  The epigraph for chapter three is from Plato’s Republic, translated by G. M. A. Grube,  copyright ? 1992, Hackett Publishing Company. Used by permission.  Some of the material in chapter four is from “Pleasure, Pain, and Moral Character and  Development,”Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 83:3 (September 2002), 282–99. This  material is copyright ? 2002 Blackwell Publishers. Used by permission.                     For Margaret,  a group number one person  “Many a man has borne himself proudly on the scaffold; surely  the same pride should teach us to think truly about man’s place  in the world.”                             –Bertrand Russell, What I Believe (1925)                                CONTENTS  Acknowledgments                                                       page ix       Introduction                                                            1  1.   God and the Meaning of Life                                            14       1.1  The Meanings of Life                                              14       1.2  Four Arguments that Life Lacks Internal Meaning            Without God                                                       15       1.3  Richard Taylor’s Way Out: Creat

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